In the agricultural industry, this most often took the form of a contract labor system known as sharecropping where black farmers rented land from white landowners and paid with their labor and crops. PLEASE HELP! It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. such slaves named in this county. By the 1870 census, Only on rare occasions did slaves resist their bondage violently. Dallas, Montgomery out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the U.S. United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850, 1930 United States Census on Internet Archive), National Archives Official 1940 Census Website, U. S. National Archives & Records Administration). Thanks from all of us at How Long Does A Typical College Course Take To Complete? Please, add your favorite Website(s) to this page! Slavery was officially abolished in the United States, following the end of the US Civil War by the Thirteenth Amendment which took effect on December 18, 1865. If their parents were married, they would take their fathers surname. Owners also used other forms of punishment such as withholding food, restricting travel, or selling off relatives as a means of controlling slaves whom they deemed troublesome. Enslaved workers also performed numerous domestic chores on both small farms and large plantations. The majority of slave children were raised by their mothers andto a lesser extenttheir fathers. She has worked in schools all over the world, and has developed groundbreaking curricula that have helped countless students excel. numbered pages were reported as in Division 2. Given this systematic erasure, the story of the Clotilda, the last slave ship to reach the U.S., occupies a profoundly unique place in the history of the transatlantic slave trade. the white population of Limestone County had increased almost 8% to 7,774, while the colored Nonetheless, the 1852 Alabama Slave Code made the voluntary manslaughter of a white person by a slave a capital offense. Taken from The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, this collection is the most complete available picture of the African-American slavery experience. Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have slaveholders with 1870 African Americans is intended merely as suggesting another possibility for Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very detailed, publication of slaveholder names beginning with these largest holders will enable naming of the genealogically-related site on the Internet. Like its neighbors, the Alabama Territory was fertile ground for the surging cotton crop, and soon became one of the major destinations for African-American slaves who were being shipped to the Southeastern United States. SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. This page and its subpages contain 26 links. advanced research techniques involving all obtainable records of the holder. Besides the various slave narratives . Profiles are placed in this category with this text [[Category:Alabama, Slavery]] . But the timeline fits with what we know of the origins of the slave trade. total of 600 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. All Rights Reserved. Punishment was often meted out in response to disobedience or perceived infractions, but sometimes abuse was performed to re-assert the dominance of the master (or overseer) over the slave. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. Using plantation been counted in each County. African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, available through Heritage Quest at Permission to excerpt, transcribe and post the historical content, in correlation with Doll's Genealogy Site, was granted by the The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, April 2001. Devoted to finding and developing more resources for those of us researching American cross-racial family history and/or ancestors who were or may have been of mixed-race ancestry. Compared to their white counterparts, slave families had more mother-headed households and were less patriarchal, and their typical lack of status and property undermined expressions of male authority. freed Alabama slaves go if they did not stay in Alabama? A mural of the Clotilda adorns a concrete embankment in Africatown, a community near Mobile founded by Africans illegally transported to Alabama aboard the slave ship. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material The actual number of slaveholders may be See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. In May 2018, Harper Collins published Zora Neale Hurstons lost interview with Cudjo Lewis, the last survivor of the ship, who died in 1935. The Clotildasailed to a West African port now located in the country of Benin. This transcription includes 68 slaveholders who held 27 or more slaves in Clarke County, accounting for 3,190 slaves, or about 43% of the County total. How Safe Is Mississippi State University? slaveholders. Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quests CD colored population during that time, and were therefore more likely possible places of relocation (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County Chas Parker, a slave to Rev. A man looking at a gravestone for Cudjo Lewis in the cemetery at the Africa Town Welcome Center. Henry Ossian Flipper, The Colored Cadet at West Point, History of the Black Soldiers in the Spanish American War, Anti-Slavery Tracts No. subdivisions of the State by which the census was enumerated. The Macon County Alabama Slave Narratives were excerpted from "Shadow of the Plantation" by Charles S. Johnson. Negroeswas about 6% less than what the colored population had been 100 years before.). The slavery categories exist to help with tracking the genealogy and family history of pre-Civil War era slaves. Americans were enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. Due to variable Sharecroppers often lived and worked in the same cotton plantations their enslaved ancestors had toiled upon. Lewis was one of about 30 Clotilda survivors forced to work for James Meaher for the next five years. [10], Alabama had an estimated population of under 10,000 people in 1810, but it increased to more than 300,000 people by 1830. includes 61 slaveholders who held 35 or more slaves in Limestone County, accounting for 3,824 Unable to return to Africa after emancipation on June 19, 1865aka Juneteenththey left records and gave interviews about who they were and where they came from that survive today. An aerial photo taken Tuesday, January 2, 2018, in Mobile, Alabama, of what was thought to be the Clotilda, the last slave ship documented to have delivered captive Africans to the United States. Est., John F. Johnston for, 62 Slaves, Page 269, COLEMAN, Daniel Est., W. R. Christopher for, 78 Slaves, Page 272B, HOUSTON, G. S., Athens Ala., 65 Slaves, Page 254, JONES, P.? Court Records Free Reference and Directory), Clarke County, Alabama, Circuit Court case files, 1811-1902, Large Slaveholders of 1860 and African American Surname Matches from 1870), United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850, Alabama Wills and Probate Records, 1753-1999, Clarke County, Alabama, estate case files, 1810-1915, Histopolis Collaborative Genealogy & History), Cyndi's List of Genealogy Sites on the Internet), Bureau of Land Management, General Land Office), U.S. General Land Office Records, 1796-1907, Clarke County Alabama Genealogical Network, Clarke County Alabama history, culture and life, USGS Geographic Names Information System), Abstracts of marriages, deeds, court records, tract books and orphans court minutes, Genealogical Publishing Company and Clearfield Company), Alabama Civil War and Reconstruction Newspapers, Alabama Department of Archives & History), American Memory from the Library of Congress), Clarke County, Alabama, poll tax record book, 1897-1914, Philadelphia Architects and Buildings Project), mindat.org - the mineral and locality database). . What State Has Most Songs Written About It? New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S., Slave Manifests, 1807-1860. 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Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES. enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding 3,950,546 unnamed occurred.] Where did There is simply no other historical document quite like it. Linkpendium! microfilm series M653, Roll 31) reportedly includes a total of 8,085 slaves. Slave Narratives from the Federal Writer' Project, 1936-38, By the antebellum period, Alabama had evolved into a slave society, which is characterized by the proliferation and defense of the institution that shaped much of the state's economy, politics, and culture. 1850 Slave Schedules Clarke County (Source: Explore Ancestry for free) ($) 1850 Federal Census Clarke County, Alabama (Source: MyHeritage) ($) Alabama State Census, 1820-1866 Clarke County (Source: Explore Ancestry for free) ($) United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850 Clarke County (Source: FamilySearch) United States Census, 1850 Clarke County (Source: FamilySearch) Most of the settlers came from the nearby states of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, attracted by the prospect of fertile land for cotton in the Tennessee Valley and Black Belt region. [13][10] Cotton made up over half of US exports at the time, and southern plantations produced three-fourths of the global cotton supply.[14]. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Clarke County, Mississippi (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 596) reportedly includes a total of 5,076 slaves. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Start with the 1940 Census and work your way backwards. Africans carried to North America, including the Caribbean, left mainly from West Africa. (Credit: Jeffrey Greenberg/UIG via Getty Images), They decided that if you wont send us home, well build Africa here in Alabama, says Robert Battles, Sr., former executive director of the Historic Africatown Welcome Center. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is The largest numbers of slaves were held in bondage in counties located in either the Tennessee River Valley or the Black Belt region. Slaves occasionally physically attacked their owners or overseers. But in particular, it would be important for the Africatown community. 2008 - 2022 INTERESTING.COM, INC. occurred.] What Are The Top Tier Sororities At Mississippi State? This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County, the 1850. These circumstances reduced the physical distance between owners and slaves and sometimes forged temporary bonds of loyalty based upon a shared experience as farm laborers. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Limestone County, Alabama (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 31) reportedly includes a total of 8,085 slaves. [8] Most Native American tribes were completely removed from the state within a few years of the passage of the Indian Removal Act by Congress in 1830. The average slave sold for a few hundred dollars, whereas men between the ages of 17 and 35 who could work in the fields often sold for more than a $1,000. The page numbers The outcome of the American Civil War ended slavery in Alabama. Between 1860 and 1870, If found, the Clotilda would be the only ship from the U.S. slave trade ever recovered. Christopher Columbus likely transported the first Africans to the Americas in the late 1490s on his expeditions to the island of Hispaniola, now Haiti and the Dominican Republic. FORMAT. In his interview with Zora Neale Hurston, Lewis recalls explaining to Meaher that the Clotilda Africans had land and property back home, but now had nothing. Many black laborers refused to continue working the plantations, and chose to migrate to southern urban areas in large numbers.[13][15]. Instead, place individual profiles into the category corresponding to the county of Alabama where they held enslaved persons. Plantation names were not shown on the census. It all happened at the 61Ninety West apartments just before . Today, it exists as the historic site Africatown in Mobile, Alabama, where many Clotilda descendants still live. The transcriber did not notice any P. O. Most antebellum slaves lived in so-called nuclear families (father, mother, and children). Many owners and overseers physically beat slaves with instruments such as whips and cat o'nine tails. The District of Selma for the Freedmen's Bureau contain records for Bibb, Dallas, Perry, and Wilcox counties in Alabama. Couldnt Meaher give them a piece of his own land as compensation for the lives and free labor hed stolen from them? CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. FORMER SLAVES. He was born and studied medicine in Pennsylvania, but moved to Natchez District, Mississippi Territory in 1808 and became the wealthiest cotton planter and the second-largest slave owner in the United States with over 2,200 slaves. Clarke County Alabama History Clarke County was established on December 10, 1812 by the Mississippi Territory. Learn how your comment data is processed. transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions Many more slaves were brought to Alabama by slave traders, such as those operating in Mobile and Montgomery, where the state's largest slave auction houses were located. used are the rubber stamped numbers in the upper right corner of every set of two pages, with the After the Clotildas voyage to Africa, Meaher burned the ship in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta to destroy the evidence of the illegal journey. Well over 90 percent of enslaved Africans were imported into the Caribbean and South America. surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census the Alabama colored population increased by 37,000, to 475,000, a 17% increase. Enter your email address to subscribe to this website and receive notifications of new posts by email. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering Holders on pages up to 262B were reported as in Division 1, while those shown here as on higher Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. This page has been accessed 1,498 times. methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view the source film What county in Alabama had the most slaves? Given this systematic erasure, the story of the Clotilda, the last slave ship to reach the U.S., occupies a profoundly unique place in the history of the transatlantic slave trade. LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. Wealth was still concentrated in the hands of wealthy white plantation owners, who the newly freed black citizens were now completely reliant upon for survival. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County Why Did Mississippi Ratify The 13Th Amendment In 1995? [1], During the colonial era, Indian slavery in Alabama soon became surpassed by industrial-scale plantation slavery in large part due to the rapid growth of the cotton industry. Most people in Madison County did not want to secede from the rest of the United States, however, a majority of Alabama counties voted to secede. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder at the time of the 1870 census and they may on the "Add your favorite Website(s) to this page" link. 545,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 on the "Add your favorite Website(s) to this page" link. Where did methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view the source film Its the best documented story of the entire slave trade, not only to the U.S., but to the Americas, says historian Sylviane A. Diouf, author of Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Limestone County, Alabama (NARA In 1861 Alabama seceded from the Union and joined the Confederate States of America, which established its first capital in Montgomery. Learn more. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and Your email address will not be published. GulfQuest Museum hosts exhibit exploring transatlantic slave . (6,400%). The county had numerous forts, built by settlers for protection during the Creek War (1813-1814). It is possible to locate an ancestor on a U.S. census for 1860 or earlier and the white population of Limestone County had increased almost 8% to 7,774, while the colored African American Research, Part 1 18, The Fugitive Slave Law, and its Victims, Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society, Marriage Records Index Colored Wilcox County, The History of Butler County, Alabama, from 1815 to 1885, A history of Bullock County, Alabama, 1866-1906, 1859-60 City Directory of Montgomery Alabama, Bethel Baptist Cemetery Records, Jones, Alabama, Online African American Books at AccessGenealogy. Wealthy planters generally had multiple domestic servants, whose duties ranged from cooking and cleaning to driving carriages, serving meals, and nursing children. Required fields are marked *. This collection of interviews stands in contrast to other slave narratives that appear in most literature anthologies which were written by the rare few who, against staggering odds, had become literate. This transcription About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. PURPOSE. [2][3], Originally part of the Mississippi Territory, the Alabama Territory was formed in 1817. slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 should be checked, as almost 11% of African of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Lawrence County, Alabama, in 1860, is either non-existent or not readily available. Home > USA > Alabama > Clarke County > Census Records and Indexes. related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in the source or at Huntsville, Alabama served as temporary capital from 1819 to 1820, when the seat of government moved to Cahaba in Dallas County. Negroeswas about 6% less than what the colored population had been 100 years before.) enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves nationwide. They hoed potatoes and tobacco, but Rev. Were there slaves in Huntsville Alabama? The process of 2009. for colored persons from Limestone County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 to Categories: Alabama History | United States of America, Slavery | Alabama. Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main For, 37 Slaves, Page 269B, WHITE, M., Va. [from Virginia? Thats something you have control over, Berry said. How can I find out if my family were slaves? [8][9] Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s, its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men. (In almost all cases the slaves are listed only by gender, age, and color, not by name.) This is a category for those who held slaves in this county. was listed as having 28,884 whites, about a four fold increase, but the 1960 total of 7,620 Available online at Ancestry.com, FamilySearch.org, and HeritageQuest.com Census records are basic building blocks for everyones research. Census data for 1860 Though an 1807 law banned the trans-Atlantic slave trade to the United States as of 1 January 1808, slaves could still be bought and sold (and transported) within the country. The state legislature conscripted soldiers and appropriated several million dollars for military operations and for the support of the families of soldiers. This transcription includes 61 slaveholders who held 35 or more slaves in Limestone County, accounting for 3,824 slaves, or about 47% of the County total. The musician Questlove is descended from survivors of the ship, and when he discovered this on the genealogy show Finding Your Roots, historian Henry Louis Gates, Jr., told him, You hit the jackpot.. According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Limestone There are several plantation homes in Alabama that have survived for nearly 200 years and Ive listed 10 of them below. Read our research on: Congress | Economy | COVID-19, 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA (Credit: Ben Raines/Al.com via AP), Even though slavery was still legal in 1860, the international slave trade was not, and hadnt been since 1808. Indexed data and browse are available for the following: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland . further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. The racist ideology that had once excused the actions of the state's slaveholders survived the Civil War and emancipation and carried over into the post-bellum era to support an array of Jim Crow laws that trampled upon the civil liberties of African Americans until they were overturned during the, 1819-1838: Early Statehood and Indian Removal. been reported with their full name, including surname. Parker's slaves "were. Autauga County Alabama Slave Owners Slaves deeded from George Anderson to son William Anderson - Jun 1831 Slaves sold by William Anderson to various - Feb 1836 Will [Aug 1840] and Appraisement of Estate of Nicholas Zeigler - Mar 1841 Barbour County Alabama Slave Owners Slave owned by J. R. Upshaw in the records of Liberty Baptist Church - Sep 1846 Linkpendium's goal is to index every genealogy, geneology, :) family history, This is a category for those who held slaves in this county. Following the end of the war during the Reconstruction era, freed slaves were technically allowed to leave the plantations they had been enslaved on, but they mostly were without land, jobs, or money. [11][12], By 1861 nearly 45% of the population of Alabama were slaves, and slave plantation agriculture was the center of the Alabama economy. Slaves were most often beaten for working too slowly, stealing, running away, and disobeying owners or overseers. The families of soldiers names of those living in the same cotton plantations their enslaved ancestors had toiled.... The timeline fits with what we know of the slave trade, place individual profiles the. North America, including the Caribbean, left mainly from West Africa 1960, 100 later. 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